IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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Richard Zurawski
Giorgio Buttazzo and Tei Wei Kuo
1. ORTEGA: An Efficient and Flexible Online Fault Tolerance Architecture for Real-Time Control Systems
Wang, Qixin; Liu, Xue; Gopalakrishnan, Sathish; Ding, Hui; Lee, Kihwal; Sha, Lui
Abstract: Fault tolerance is an important aspect in real-time computing. In real-time control systems, tasks could be faulty due to various reasons. Faulty tasks may compromise the performance and safety of the whole system and even cause disastrous consequences. In this paper, we describe ORTEGA (On-demand Real-TimE GuArd), a new software fault tolerance architecture for real-time control systems. ORTEGA has high fault coverage and reliability. Compared with existing real-time fault tolerance architectures, such as Simplex, ORTEGA allows more efficient resource utilizations and enhances flexibility. These advantages are achieved through the on-demand detection and recovery of faulty tasks. ORTEGA is applicable to most industrial control applications where both efficient resource usage and high fault coverage are desired.
2. Analysing TDMA with Slot Skipping
Andersson, Bjorn; Pereira, Nuno; Tovar, Eduardo
Abstract: Distributed real-time systems, such as factory automation systems, require that computer nodes communicate with a known and low bound on the communication delay. This can be achieved with traditional Time-Division-Multiple-Access (TDMA). But improved flexibility and simpler upgrades are possible through the use of TDMA with Slot-Skipping (TDMA/SS), meaning that a slot is skipped whenever it is not used and consequently the slot after the skipped slot starts earlier. We propose a schedulability analysis for TDMA/SS. We assume knowledge of all message streams in the system, and that each node schedules messages in its output queue according to Deadline Monotonic. Firstly, we present a non-exact (but fast) analysis and then, at the cost of computation time, we also present an algorithm that computes exact queuing times.
3. A Hierarchical Framework for Design Space Exploration and Optimization of TTP-Based Distributed Embedded Systems
Gu, Zonghua (contact); He, Xiuqiang; Yuan, Mingxuan
Abstract: Time-Triggered Protocol (TTP) is a widely-used bus protocol in safety-critical avionics and automotive distributed embedded systems. Design space exploration for TTP-based distributed embedded system involves searching through a vast design space of all possible task-to-processor mappings, task/message schedules and bus access parameters to optimize a given objective function. In this paper, we present a hierarchical optimization framework based on Logic-Based Benders Decomposition (LBBD), a combination of the approaches of \emph{divide-and-conquer} and \emph{learning-from-ones-mistakes}. It works by dividing the optimization problem into the master problem of task-to-CPU mapping to minimize the total bus utilization, solved with a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solver Yices, and the sub-problem of bus access configuration and task/message scheduling under a given end-to-end deadline constraint, solved with a commercial Constraint Programming solver ILOG CP Optimizer. Performance evaluation demonstrates that our approach can scale up to realistic-size problems under certain parameter settings.
4. Adaptive Multilevel Code Update Protocol for Real-time Sensor Operating Systems
Yi, Sangho; Min, Hong; Cho, Yookun; Hong, Jiman
Abstract: In wireless sensor networks each sensor node has very limited resources, and it is very difficult to find and collect them. For this reason, updating or adding programs in sensor nodes must be performed via a communication channel at run-time. Many code update protocols have been developed for sensor networks, ranging from function-level update to full-image replacement. However, they provide only a fixed level of code update protocols. These protocols require manual selection of an appropriate protocol because they do not consider a cost analysis of the update protocols. In addition, they do not consider real-time response while updating codes. In this paper, we present an Adaptive Multilevel Code Update Protocol (AMCUP) for real-time sensor operating systems. AMCUP enables energy-efficient code update via support for multilevel protocols (ie. full-image, module-level, function-level, and instruction-level). It adaptively selects a protocol which meets deadline of applications and consumes less energy based on a cost analysis of several protocols. Our simulation and experimental results show that AMCUP can reduce energy consumption and execution time compared with existing single-level code update protocols while meeting deadline of the running applications.
5. Null Space Motion Control by PID Control Considering Passivity in Redundant Manipulator
Shibata, Tsuyoshi and Murakami, Toshiyuki
Abstract: This paper describes a control strategy of a PID controller based on stability analysis considering passivity in null space motion of redundant manipulator. Control spaces of redundant manipulator are divided into work space and null space. In the proposed approach, a disturbance observer is employed in work space, which is called work space observer. On the other hand, null space uses PID controller which is passive controller. Using gamma-dissipative property, the PID controller can compensate null space without deteriorating the motion stability. This means that the proposed approach makes it possible to realize stable and dexterous null space motion effectively. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by simulations and experiments of 4-link redundant manipulator.
6. Novel parameter identification by using a high-gain observer with application to a gas turbine engine
Zhiwei Gao, Xuewu Dai, Tim Breikin and Hong Wang
Abstract: In this study, a novel identification technique, that is high-gain observer-based identification approach, is proposed for systems with bounded process and measurement noises. For system parameters with abnormal changes, an adaptive change detection and parameter identification algorithm is next presented. The presented technique and algorithm is finally applied to the parameter identification of the gas turbine engine by using the recorded input data from the engine test-bed. The identified parameters and the response curves are desired. The simulations have proved the effectiveness of the proposed procedure compared with the previous identification approach.
7. Formal Methods for Systems Engineering Behavior Models
Seidner, Charlotte; Roux, Olivier
Abstract: Safety analysis in Systems Engineering (SE) processes, as usually implemented, rarely relies on formal methods such as model checking since such techniques, however powerful and mature, are deemed too complex for efficient use. This paper thus aims at improving the verification practice in SE design: considering the widely-used model of EFFBDs (Enhanced Function Flow Block Diagrams), it formally establishes its syntax and behavioral semantics. It also proposes a structural translation of EFFBDs to transition time Petri nets (TPNs); this translation is then proved to preserve the behavioral semantics (i.e. timed bisimilarity). After proving results on the boundedness of the resulting TPNs, it was possible to extend a number of fundamental properties (such as the decidability of liveness, state-access, etc.) from bounded TPNs to so-called bounded EFFBDs. Finally, these results led to both implementing and integrating a formal verification tool within a development platform for system design for defense applications and in which the underlying complexity is totally concealed from the end-user.
8. Service-Oriented Framework for Human Task Support and Automation
Sasa, Ana; Juric, Matjaz; Krisper, Marjan
Abstract: Due to increasingly demanding requirements for business flexibility and agility, automation of end-to-end industrial processes has become an important topic. Business process execution needs to support automated tasks execution as well as human tasks. In this paper we show that for certain types of human tasks it is relevant to consider their further automation. We propose a service-oriented architectural framework for human task execution, which improves their execution by automating and semi-automating decision making based on ontologies and agent technology. The approach is generic and can be used for any type of industrial or industrial support business process. As a proof-of-concept we have developed a system providing the above-described support for human task intensive business processes in an electric power transmission company, which has shown considerable improvements in the efficiency of human tasks.
9. Credential Management for Automatic Identification Solutions in Supply Chain Management
Rossberg, Michael; Henseler, Marcel; Schaefer, Guenter
Abstract: Current systems for automatic identification of goods presume a single administrative domain. However, in supply chain management systems temporary cooperations of multiple companies exist, and the usage of one identification device, such as a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, per company is infeasible for reasons of costs, space requirements, traceability, and higher collision rate. This article analyzes the security requirements resulting from the usage of a single tag for multiple companies and proposes a novel system architecture and accompanying cryptographic protocols that address the security objectives entity authentication, controlled access, data confidentiality and integrity, as well as untraceability of RFID tags. The architecture is designed to provide high availability and graceful degradation in case of compromise of system parts. The results of an implementation and simulation study give insights on appropriate data structures for realizing key functionality, and demonstrate that the approach can be deployed with commercial off-the-shelf hardware.
10. Resource service composition and its optimal-selection based on particle swarm optimization in manufacturing grid system
Tao, Fei
Abstract: In manufacturing grid (MGrid) system, there are primarily two kinds of manufacturing task: (a) single resource service request task (SRSRTask), which can be completed by invoking only one resource service, and (b) multi-resource services request task (MRSRTask), which is completed by invoking several resource services in a certain sequence. For an SRSRTask, system searches out the resource services that qualified for its function requirements and selects the optimal one to execute; For an MRSRTask, in addition to the search for all qualified resource services according to each subtask, the system has to select one candidate resource service for each subtask and generate a new composite resource service (CRS), then select the optimal resource service composite path from all possible paths to execute. We define the above problem as multi-objectives MGrid resource service composition and optimal-selection (MO-MRSCOS) problem in this article. The formulation of an MO-MRSCOS for minimizing execution time and cost, and maximizing the reliability, is introduced. The basic resource service composite modes (RSCM) for CRS are described; the principles for translating a complicated RSCM into a simple sequence RSCM are presented. A new MGrid resource service composition optimal-selection method, based on principles of particle swarm optimization is proposed.
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