IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
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Guest Editorial: Special Section on Real-Time Systems - Part II
Giorgio Buttazzo and Tei-Wei Kuo
1. EARQ: Energy Aware Routing for Real-Time and Reliable Communication in Wireless Industrial Sensor Networks
Hong, Jiman; Heo, Junyoung; Cho, Yookun
Abstract: Wireless industrial sensor networks are wireless sensor networks which have been adapted to industrial applications. Most techniques for wireless sensor networks can be applied to wireless industrial sensor networks. However, for industrial applications of wireless industrial sensor networks, new requirements such as real-time, reliable delivery need to be considered. In this paper, we propose EARQ, which is a novel routing protocol for wireless industrial sensor networks. It provides real-time, reliable delivery of a packet, while considering energy awareness. In EARQ, a node estimates the energy cost, delay and reliability of a path to the sink node, based only on information from neighboring nodes. Then, it calculates the probability of selecting a path, using the estimates. When packet forwarding is required, it randomly selects the next node. A path with lower energy cost is likely to be selected, because the probability is inversely proportional to the energy cost to the sink node. To achieve real-time delivery, only paths that may deliver a packet in time are selected. To achieve reliability, it may send a redundant packet via an alternate path, but only if it is a source of a packet. Experimental results show that EARQ is suitable for industrial applications, due to its capability for energy efficient, real-time, reliable communications.
2. Resource Reservations for General Purpose Applications
Abeni, Luca; Palopoli, Luigi; Scordino, Claudio; and Lipari, Guiseppe
Abstract: Resource reservations are an effective technique to support hard and soft real-time applications in open systems. However, they generally focus on providing guarantees to real-time applications, without paying too much attention to the performance of non real-time activities. In this paper, the main limitations encountered when using a conventional reservation-based scheduler for serving non real-time tasks are described and formally analysed. Then, a novel algorithm that overcomes these problems (called HGRUB) is proposed, and both theoretical and experimental evidence of its effectiveness is provided.
3. Static Security Optimization for Real Time Systems
Lin, Man (contact); Xu, Li; Yang, Laurence; Qin, Xiao; Zheng, Nenggan; Wu, Zhaohui; Qiu, Meikang
Abstract: An increasing number of real-time applications like railway signaling control systems and medical electronics systems require high quality of security to assure confidentiality and integrity of information. Therefore, it is desirable and essential to fulfill security requirements in security-critical real-time systems. This paper addresses the issue of optimizing quality of security in real-time systems. To meet the needs of a wide variety of security requirements imposed by real-time systems, a group-based security service model is used in which the security services are partitioned into several groups depending on security types. While services within the same security group provide the identical type of security service, the services in the group can achieve different quality of security. Security services from a number of groups, can be combined to deliver better quality of security. In this study, we seamlessly integrate the group-based security model with a traditional real-time scheduling algorithm, namely EDF (Earliest Deadline First). Moreover, we design and develop a security-aware EDF schedulability test. Given a set of real-time tasks with chosen security services, our scheduling scheme aims at optimizing the combined security value of the selected services while guaranteeing the schedulability of the real-time tasks. We study two approaches to solve the security-aware optimization problem. Experimental results show that the combined security values are substantially higher than those achieved by alternatives for real-time tasks without violating real-time constraints.
4. A probabilistic analysis of end-to-end delays on an avionics switched Ethernet
Scharbarg, Jean-Luc; Ridouard, Frederic; Faraboul, Christian
Abstract:AFDX (Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet, ARINC 664) developed for the Airbus A380 represents a major upgrade in both bandwidth and capability. Its reliance on Ethernet technology helps to lower some implementation costs, but guaranteed service presents challenges for system designers. An analysis of end-to-end transfer delays through the network is required in order to determine upper bounds. In this paper, we propose to compute probabilistic upper bounds for end-to-end delays on avionic flows. Such upper bounds can be exceeded with a given probability p, and are relevant in the context of avionics, where functions are designed to give accurate results even if they miss some frames. The stochastic network calculus approach analytically determines a probabilistic upper bound, whereas the simulation approach gives an experimental upper bound. The former may be used for new certification needs since it assures that the probability of exceeding the computed upper bound is not greater than p. The latter closely approximates actual network behavior and can help to give some idea of the pessimism of the stochastic network calculus upper bound. The two approaches have been developed in the context of an industrial AFDX network configuration.
5. Intelligent Automatic Fault Detection for Actuator Failures in Aircraft
C. H. Lo, Eric, H. K. Fung, and Y. K. Wong
Abstract: This paper applies an intelligent technique based on fuzzy-genetic algorithm for automatically detecting failures in aircraft. The fuzzy-genetic algorithm constructs the automatic fault detection system for monitoring aircraft behaviors. Fuzzy-based classifier is employed to estimates the time of occurrence and types of actuator failure. Genetic algorithms are used to generate an optimal fuzzy rule set for the classifier. The optimization capability of genetic algorithms provides an efficient and effective way to generate optimal fuzzy rules. Different types of actuator failure can be detected on-line by the fuzzy-genetic algorithm based automatic fault detection system. Simulations with different actuator failures of the non-linear F-16 aircraft model are reported and discussed.
6. A Neurofuzzy Method for the Evaluation of Soldering Global Quality IndexFornarelli, Girolamo; Giaquinto, Antonio; Brunetti, Gioacchino; Acciani, Giuseppe
Abstract: Recently, Surface Mount Technology is extensively used in the production of Printed Circuit Boards due to the high level of miniaturization and to the increase of density in the electronic device integration. In such production process several defects could occur on the final electronic components, compromising its correct working. In this paper a neurofuzzy solution to process information deriving from an Automatic Optical System is proposed. The designed system provides a Global Quality Index of a solder joint, starting from the assessment of a human inspector. This target is achieved by reproducing the modus operandi of the expert, evaluating the area, the shape and the barycentre position of a solder joint. The proposed architecture is constituted by three supervised neural networks and two fuzzy rule-based modules which automate expert’s work and provide a refined evaluation of the quality. The considered solution presents some attractive advantages: a complex acquisition system is not needed, equipment costs could be reduced by shifting the assessment of a solder joint on the fuzzy parts. Moreover, intermediate variables used in the method could be employed as control parameters in the production process under analysis.
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